Taxonomy of the Cactaceae

In 1984, the International Organization for Succulent Plant Study set up a working party, now called the International Cactaceae Systematics Group, to produce a consensus classification of the cactus family, down to the level of genus. Their classification has been used as the basis for systems published since the mid-1990s. Treatments in the 21st century have generally divided the family into around 125–130 genera and 1,400–1,500 species, which are then arranged in a number of tribes and subfamilies. However, subsequent molecular phylogenetic studies have shown that a very high proportion of the higher taxa (genera, tribes and subfamilies) are not monophyletic, i.e. they do not contain all of the descendants of a common ancestor. As of March 2017, the internal classification of the family Cactaceae remained uncertain and subject to change. A classification incorporating many of the insights from the molecular studies was produced by Nyffeler and Eggli in 2010.^[1]

A collection of cultivated cacti

IntroductionEdit

The classification of the family Cactaceae remains uncertain as of March 2012. Since the mid-1990s, the system produced by the International Cactaceae Systematics Group (ICSG) of the International Organization for Succulent Plant Study has been used as the basis of many published classifications. Detailed treatments produced in the 21st century have divided the family into around 125–130 genera and 1,400–1,500 species, which are then arranged into a number of tribes and subfamilies.^[2][3][4]

The ICSG classification of the family recognizes four subfamilies: Pereskoideae (consisting only of the genus Pereskia), Opuntioideae, Maihuenioideae (consisting only of the genus Maihuenia) and Cactoideae.^[2] Molecular phylogenetic studies suggest that Pereskia is not monophyletic (i.e. its species are not the complete set of descendants of a common ancestor), so that Pereskoideae is not monophyletic although the three other subfamilies are.^[4][5] The Bayesian consensus cladogram from a 2005 study is shown below:^[5]

Cactaceae   Pereskia Clade A       Pereskia Clade B       Opuntioideae       Maihuenioideae     Cactoideae

Pereskioideae

Five tribes have been recognized within the subfamily Opuntioideae: Tephrocacteae, Pterocacteae, Austrocylindropuntieae, Cylindropuntieae and Opuntieae.^[6] All but the first, Tephrocacteae, were shown to be "essentially monophyletic" in molecular phylogenetic study in 2009. A summary of the consensus Bayesian tree is shown below (tribes are bold; the number of species in the study is shown in parentheses).^[7]

Puna (1), Maihueniopsis (3), Cumulopuntia (1) = Tephrocacteae (part)       Pterocactus (6) = Pterocacteae     terete‑stemmed opuntioids   Maihueniopsis (1), Puna (1), Tephrocactus (7) = Tephrocacteae (part)     Maihueniopsis (1), Cumulopuntia (5), Puna (1), Austrocylindropuntia (4) ≈ Austrocylindropuntieae     Quiabentia (1), Pereskiopsis (2), Micropuntia (2), Cylindropuntia (12), Grusonia s.s. (1), Corynopuntia (6) ≈ Cylindropuntieae     flat‑stemmed opuntioids   Miqueliopuntia (1), Tunilla (2), Maihueniopsis (1)       Opuntia (2)     Brasilopuntia (1), Opuntia (1), Tacinga (2)     Opuntia (28), Consolea (6), Nopalea (7)

≈ Opuntieae

Many of the genera within the Opuntioideae are not monophyletic. Maihueniopsis is highly polyphyletic, appearing in four separate lineages. The two largest genera within the subfamily, Opuntia and Cylindropuntia are also not monophyletic. The classification of the Opuntioideae is thus uncertain as of March 2012; Griffith and Porter say that changes in classification will require "broad information (of multiple data types) regarding all species of opuntioid cacti".^[8]

The ICSG classification divides the subfamily Cactoideae into nine tribes. However, phylogenetic research has not supported most of these tribes, nor even the genera of which they are composed. A 2011 study found that "an extraordinarily high proportion of genera" were not monophyletic, including 22 (61%) of the 36 genera in the subfamily Cactoideae sampled in the research.^[4] Of the nine tribes recognized within Cactoideae, one, Calymmantheae, comprises a single genus, Calymmanthium.^[2] Of the remaining eight, only two (Cacteae and Rhipsalideae) have been shown to be monophyletic. A summary of the cladograms for the Cactoideae presented in a 2011 paper is shown below (ICSG tribes in bold).^[9]

Cactoideae	Blossfeldia       Cacteae   core Cactoideae   Calymmantheae (i.e. Calymmanthium), species of Copiapoa and Frailea     core Cactoideae I including members of Pachycereeae, Hylocereeae and Browningieae   core Cactoideae II   Rhipsalideae     other core Cactoideae II, including members of Notocacteae, Trichocereeae, Cereeae and Browningieae

The classification of the Cactaceae thus remains subject to change, from the genus level upwards. In 2016, David Hunt wrote that "the advent of molecular systematic studies in the past two decades will hopefully have a stabilizing effect on classification in due course, but has so far had the opposite effect".^[10]

Nyffler and Eggli (2010) classificationEdit

In 2010, Nyffler and Eggli produced a classification based on an explicit phylogeny. The broad outlines of their cladogram agree with that of Hern et al. (2011), shown above, although some details are different. Their classification corresponds to the cladogram shown below.^[1]

Cactaceae     Pereskia A       Pereskia B       Maihuenia       incertae sedis       Cylindropuntieae     Opuntieae           Blossfeldia (Blossfeldieae)       Cacteae       incertae sedis     Phyllocacteae       Rhipsalideae       Notocacteae     Cereeae

Pereskioideae Maihuenioideae Opuntioideae Cactoideae

The table below shows how the genera recognized by Nyffler and Eggli are placed into their subfamilies and tribes (they also use some subtribes, not shown here). The column headed "Older tribe (if different)" shows the ICSG classification of the subfamily Cactoideae (as presented by Anderson in 2001^[11]) with a 2002 classification of the subfamily Opuntioideae.^[6][12] There are differences in the genera recognized in the systems; where the older system does not recognize the genus, "–" is shown.

 

Nyffeller & Eggli (2010) classification^[1]

Systematic order	Genus	Subfamily	Tribe	Older tribe (if different)[11][6][12]
1	Pereskia Mill.	Pereskioideae*
2	Maihuenia (Phil.ex F.A.C.Weber) K.Schum.	Maihuenioideae
3.1	Austrocylindropuntia Backeb.	Opuntioideae	Cylindropuntieae	Austrocylindropuntieae
3.1	Cumulopuntia F.Ritter (part)	Opuntioideae	Cylindropuntieae	Austrocylindropuntieae
3.1	Cylindropuntia (Engelm.) F.M.Knuth	Opuntioideae	Cylindropuntieae
3.1	Grusonia F.Rchb.ex Britton & Rose	Opuntioideae	Cylindropuntieae
3.1	Maihueniopsis Speg. (part)	Opuntioideae	Cylindropuntieae	Tephrocacteae
3.1	Pereskiopsis Britton & Rose	Opuntioideae	Cylindropuntieae
3.1	Quiabentia Britton & Rose	Opuntioideae	Cylindropuntieae
3.1	Tephrocactus Lem.	Opuntioideae	Cylindropuntieae	Tephrocacteae
3.2	Brasiliopuntia (K.Schum.) A.Berger	Opuntioideae	Opuntieae
3.2	Consolea Lem.	Opuntioideae	Opuntieae
3.2	Miqueliopuntia Fric ex F.Ritter	Opuntioideae	Opuntieae
3.2	Opuntia Mill.	Opuntioideae	Opuntieae
3.2	Tacinga Britton & Rose	Opuntioideae	Opuntieae
3.2	Tunilla D.R.Hunt & Iliff	Opuntioideae	Opuntieae
3.3	Cumulopuntia F.Ritter (part)	Opuntioideae	incertae sedis	Austrocylindropuntieae
3.3	Maihueniopsis Speg. (part)	Opuntioideae	incertae sedis	Tephrocacteae
3.3	Pterocactus K.Schum.	Opuntioideae	incertae sedis	Pterocacteae
4.1	Blossfeldia Werderm.	Cactoideae	Blossfeldieae	Notocacteae
4.2	Acharagma (N.P.Taylor) Glass	Cactoideae	Cacteae
4.2	Ariocarpus Scheidw.	Cactoideae	Cacteae
4.2	Astrophytum Lem.	Cactoideae	Cacteae
4.2	Aztekium Boed.	Cactoideae	Cacteae
4.2	Coryphantha (Engelm.) Lem.	Cactoideae	Cacteae
4.2	Digitostigma Velazco & Nevárez	Cactoideae	Cacteae	–
4.2	Echinocactus Link & Otto	Cactoideae	Cacteae
4.2	Echinomastus Britton & Rose	Cactoideae	Cacteae
4.2	Epithelantha F.A.C.Weber ex Britton & Rose	Cactoideae	Cacteae
4.2	Escobaria Britton & Rose	Cactoideae	Cacteae
4.2	Ferocactus Britton & Rose	Cactoideae	Cacteae
4.2	Geohintonia Glass & W.A.Fitz Maur.	Cactoideae	Cacteae
4.2	Leuchtenbergia Hook.	Cactoideae	Cacteae
4.2	Lophophora J.M.Coult.	Cactoideae	Cacteae
4.2	Mammillaria Haw. including Cochemiea (K.Brandegee) Walton	Cactoideae	Cacteae
4.2	Mammilloydia Buxb.	Cactoideae	Cacteae
4.2	Neolloydia Britton & Rose	Cactoideae	Cacteae
4.2	Obregonia Fric	Cactoideae	Cacteae
4.2	Ortegocactus Alexander	Cactoideae	Cacteae
4.2	Pediocactus Britton & Rose	Cactoideae	Cacteae
4.2	Pelecyphora C.Ehrenb.	Cactoideae	Cacteae
4.2	Sclerocactus Britton & Rose	Cactoideae	Cacteae
4.2	Stenocactus (K.Schum.) A.W.Hill	Cactoideae	Cacteae
4.2	Strombocactus Britton & Rose	Cactoideae	Cacteae
4.2	Thelocactus (K.Schum.) Britton & Rose	Cactoideae	Cacteae
4.2	Turbinicarpus (Backeb.) Buxb.& Backeb.	Cactoideae	Cacteae
4.3	Acanthocereus (Engelm.ex A.Berger) Britton & Rose	Cactoideae	Phyllocacteae	Pachycereeae
4.3	Armatocereus Backeb.	Cactoideae	Phyllocacteae	Browningieae
4.3	Austrocactus Britton & Rose	Cactoideae	Phyllocacteae	Notocacteae
4.3	Brachycereus Britton & Rose	Cactoideae	Phyllocacteae	Trichocereeae
4.3	Castellanosia Cárdenas	Cactoideae	Phyllocacteae	–
4.3	Corryocactus Britton & Rose	Cactoideae	Phyllocacteae	Pachycereeae
4.3	Dendrocereus Britton & Rose	Cactoideae	Phyllocacteae	Pachycereeae
4.3	Eulychnia Phil.	Cactoideae	Phyllocacteae	Notocacteae
4.3	Jasminocereus Britton & Rose	Cactoideae	Phyllocacteae	Browningieae
4.3	Leptocereus (A.Berger) Britton & Rose	Cactoideae	Phyllocacteae	Pachycereeae
4.3	Neoraimondia Britton & Rose	Cactoideae	Phyllocacteae	Browningieae
4.3	Pfeiffera Salm-Dyck	Cactoideae	Phyllocacteae	–
4.3	Disocactus Lindl.	Cactoideae	Phyllocacteae	Hylocereeae
4.3	Epiphyllum Haw.	Cactoideae	Phyllocacteae	Hylocereeae
4.3	Hylocereus (A.Berger) Britton & Rose	Cactoideae	Phyllocacteae	Hylocereeae
4.3	Pseudorhipsalis Britton & Rose	Cactoideae	Phyllocacteae	Hylocereeae
4.3	Selenicereus (A.Berger) Britton & Rose	Cactoideae	Phyllocacteae	Hylocereeae
4.3	Weberocereus Britton & Rose	Cactoideae	Phyllocacteae	Hylocereeae
4.3	Bergerocactus Britton & Rose	Cactoideae	Phyllocacteae	Pachycereeae
4.3	Carnegiea Britton & Rose	Cactoideae	Phyllocacteae	Pachycereeae
4.3	Cephalocereus Pfeiff.	Cactoideae	Phyllocacteae	Pachycereeae
4.3	Echinocereus Engelm.	Cactoideae	Phyllocacteae	Pachycereeae
4.3	Escontria Rose	Cactoideae	Phyllocacteae	Pachycereeae
4.3	Isolatocereus Backeb.	Cactoideae	Phyllocacteae	Pachycereeae
4.3	Myrtillocactus Console	Cactoideae	Phyllocacteae	Pachycereeae
4.3	Neobuxbaumia Backeb.	Cactoideae	Phyllocacteae	Pachycereeae
4.3	Pachycereus (A.Berger) Britton & Rose	Cactoideae	Phyllocacteae	Pachycereeae
4.3	Peniocereus (A.Berger) Britton & Rose	Cactoideae	Phyllocacteae	Pachycereeae
4.3	Polaskia Backeb.	Cactoideae	Phyllocacteae	Pachycereeae
4.3	Pseudoacanthocereus F.Ritter	Cactoideae	Phyllocacteae	Pachycereeae
4.3	Stenocereus (A.Berger) Riccob.	Cactoideae	Phyllocacteae	Pachycereeae
4.3	Strophocactus Britton & Rose	Cactoideae	Phyllocacteae	–
4.4	Hatiora Britton & Rose	Cactoideae	Rhipsalideae
4.4	Lepismium Pfeiff.	Cactoideae	Rhipsalideae
4.4	Rhipsalis Gaertn.	Cactoideae	Rhipsalideae
4.4	Schlumbergera Lem.	Cactoideae	Rhipsalideae
4.5	Eriosyce Phil.	Cactoideae	Notocacteae
4.5	Neowerdermannia Fric	Cactoideae	Notocacteae
4.5	Parodia Speg.	Cactoideae	Notocacteae
4.5	Rimacactus Mottram	Cactoideae	Notocacteae	–
4.5	Yavia R.Kiesling & Piltz	Cactoideae	Notocacteae	–
4.6	Browningia Cárdenas	Cactoideae	Cereeae	Browningieae
4.6	Gymnocalycium Pfeiff.ex Mittler	Cactoideae	Cereeae	Trichocereeae
4.6	Lasiocereus F.Ritter	Cactoideae	Cereeae	Trichocereeae
4.6	Rebutia K.Schum.	Cactoideae	Cereeae	Trichocereeae
4.6	Stetsonia Britton & Rose	Cactoideae	Cereeae	Browningieae
4.6	Uebelmannia Buining	Cactoideae	Cereeae
4.6	Weingartia Werderm. including Cintia Knize & Ríha	Cactoideae	Cereeae	Notocacteae (Cintia)
4.6	Arrojadoa Britton & Rose	Cactoideae	Cereeae
4.6	Brasilicereus Backeb.	Cactoideae	Cereeae
4.6	Cereus Mill.	Cactoideae	Cereeae
4.6	Cipocereus F.Ritter	Cactoideae	Cereeae
4.6	Coleocephalocereus Backeb.	Cactoideae	Cereeae
4.6	Discocactus Pfeiff.	Cactoideae	Cereeae	Trichocereeae
4.6	Facheiroa Britton & Rose	Cactoideae	Cereeae	Trichocereeae
4.6	Leocereus Britton & Rose	Cactoideae	Cereeae	Trichocereeae
4.6	Melocactus Link & Otto	Cactoideae	Cereeae
4.6	Micranthocereus Backeb.	Cactoideae	Cereeae
4.6	Pierrebraunia Esteves	Cactoideae	Cereeae	–
4.6	Pilosocereus Byles & G.D.Rowley	Cactoideae	Cereeae
4.6	Praecereus Buxb.	Cactoideae	Cereeae
4.6	Stephanocereus A.Berger	Cactoideae	Cereeae
4.6	Acanthocalycium Backeb.	Cactoideae	Cereeae	Trichocereeae
4.6	Arthrocereus A.Berger	Cactoideae	Cereeae	Trichocereeae
4.6	Borzicactus Riccob.	Cactoideae	Cereeae	–
4.6	Cephalocleistocactus F.Ritter	Cactoideae	Cereeae	Trichocereeae
4.6	Cleistocactus Lem.	Cactoideae	Cereeae	Trichocereeae
4.6	Denmoza Britton & Rose	Cactoideae	Cereeae	Trichocereeae
4.6	Echinopsis Zucc.	Cactoideae	Cereeae	Trichocereeae
4.6	Espostoa Britton & Rose	Cactoideae	Cereeae	Trichocereeae
4.6	Espostoopsis Buxb.	Cactoideae	Cereeae	Trichocereeae
4.6	Haageocereus Backeb. including Pygmaeocereus H.Johnson & Backeb.	Cactoideae	Cereeae	Trichocereeae
4.6	Harrisia Britton	Cactoideae	Cereeae	Trichocereeae
4.6	Matucana Britton & Rose	Cactoideae	Cereeae	Trichocereeae
4.6	Mila Britton & Rose	Cactoideae	Cereeae	Trichocereeae
4.6	Oreocereus (A.Berger) Riccob.	Cactoideae	Cereeae	Trichocereeae
4.6	Oroya Britton & Rose	Cactoideae	Cereeae	Trichocereeae
4.6	Rauhocereus Backeb.	Cactoideae	Cereeae	Trichocereeae
4.6	Samaipaticereus Cárdenas	Cactoideae	Cereeae	Trichocereeae
4.6	Vatricania Backeb.	Cactoideae	Cereeae	–
4.6	Weberbauerocereus Backeb.	Cactoideae	Cereeae	Trichocereeae
4.6	Yungasocereus F.Ritter	Cactoideae	Cereeae	Trichocereeae
4.7	Calymmanthium F.Ritter	Cactoideae	incertae sedis	Calymmantheae
4.7	Copiapoa Britton & Rose	Cactoideae	incertae sedis	Notocacteae
4.7	Frailea Britton & Rose	Cactoideae	incertae sedis	Notocacteae

Earlier classificationEdit

Unless otherwise indicated, the subfamily placement of the genera listed here is based on Anderson's 2001 presentation of the ICSG classification, as is the tribal placement of the genera of the subfamily Cactoideae.^[11] The division of the subfamily Opuntioideae into tribes is additional to the ICSG system.^[6][12]

Subfamily PereskioideaeEdit

Pereskia aculeata

• Pereskia Mill.

synonyms: Peirescia Zucc. (orth. var.), Peireskia Steud. (orth. var.), Perescia Lem. (orth. var.), Rhodocactus (A.Berger) F.M.Knuth

Subfamily OpuntioideaeEdit

Tribe AustrocylindropuntieaeEdit

• Austrocylindropuntia Backeb.
• Cumulopuntia F.Ritter

Tribe CylindropuntieaeEdit

• Cylindropuntia (Engelm.) F.M.Knuth – chollas
• Grusonia F.Rchb. ex Britton & Rose

including Corynopuntia F.M.Knuth, Micropuntia Daston

• Pereskiopsis Britton & Rose

synonyms: Peireskiopsis Vaupel (orth. var.)

• Quiabentia Britton & Rose

Tribe OpuntieaeEdit

Opuntia ficus-indica

• Brasiliopuntia (K.Schum.) A.Berger
• Consolea Lem.
• Miqueliopuntia Fric ex F.Ritter
• Opuntia Mill. – prickly pears

synonyms:Airampoa Fric, Cactodendron Bigelow, nom. inval., Cactus Lem., Chaffeyopuntia Fric & Schelle, Clavarioidia Kreuz. (nom. inval.), Ficindica St.-Lag., Nopalea Salm-Dyck, Parviopuntia Soulaire & Marn.-Lap. (nom. inval.), Phyllarthus Neck. ex M.Gómez (nom. inval.), Salmiopuntia Fric (nom. inval.), Subulatopuntia Fric & Schelle, Tunas Lunell, Weberiopuntia Fric

including Nopalea Salm-Dyck

• Tacinga Britton & Rose
• Tunilla D.R.Hunt & Iliff

Tribe PterocacteaeEdit

• Pterocactus K.Schum.

Tribe TephrocacteaeEdit

• Maihueniopsis Speg.

including Puna R.Kiesling

• Tephrocactus Lem.

synonyms: Pseudotephrocactus Fric

Subfamily MaihuenioideaeEdit

Maihuenia poeppigii

• Maihuenia (Phil. ex F.A.C.Weber) K.Schum.

Subfamily CactoideaeEdit

Tribe BrowningieaeEdit

• Armatocereus Backeb.
• Browningia Cárdenas, Gymnocereus Rauh & Backeb.
• Jasminocereus Britton & Rose
• Neoraimondia Britton & Rose

synonyms: Neocardenasia Backeb.

• Stetsonia Britton & Rose

Tribe CacteaeEdit

• Acharagma (N.P.Taylor) Glass
• AriocarpusScheidw. – living rock

synonyms: Anhalonium Lem., Neogomesia Castañeda, Neogomezia Buxb. (orth. var.), Roseocactus A.Berger, Stromatocactus Karw. ex Rümpler (nom. inval.)

Astrophytum myriostigma

• Astrophytum Lem.

synonyms: Astrophyton Lawr. (orth. var.), Maierocactus E.C.Rost

• Aztekium Boed.
• Cochemiea (K.Brandegee) Walton – see Mammillaria
• Coryphantha (Engelm.) Lem. – beehive cactus

synonyms: Aulacothele Monv. (nom. inval.), Cumarinia Buxb., Glandulifera (Salm-Dyck) Fric, Lepidocoryphantha Backeb., Roseia Fric (nom. inval.)

• Echinocactus Link & Otto – barrel cactus

synonyms: Brittonrosea Speg., Echinofossulocactus Lawr., Homalocephala Britton & Rose

• Echinomastus Britton & Rose
• Epithelantha F.A.C.Weber ex Britton & Rose – pingpong ball cactus
• Escobaria Britton & Rose – foxtail cactus, pincushion cactus

synonyms: Cochiseia W.H.Earle, Escobesseya Hester, Fobea Fric (nom. inval.), Neobesseya Britton & Rose

• Ferocactus Britton & Rose – barrel cactus

synonyms: Bisnaga Orcutt, Brittonia C.A.Armstr. (nom. inval.)

• Geohintonia Glass & W.A.Fitz Maur.
• Leuchtenbergia Hook.
• Lophophora J.M.Coult. – peyote

Mammillaria elongata

• Mammillaria Haw. – fishhook cactus, globe cactus, pincushion cactus, bird's-nest cactus

synonyms: Bartschella Britton & Rose, Cactus L., Chilita Orcutt, Cochemiea (K.Brandegee) Walton, Dolichothele (K.Schum.) Britton & Rose, Ebnerella Buxb., Haagea Fric, Krainzia Backeb., Lactomammillaria Fric (nom. inval.), Leptocladia Buxb., Leptocladodia Buxb., Mamillaria F.Rchb. (orth. var.), Mamillopsis (E.Morren) F.A.C.Weber ex Britton & Rose, Mammariella Shafer (nom. inval.), Mammilaria Torr. & A.Gray (orth. var.), Neomammillaria Britton & Rose, Oehmea Buxb., Phellosperma Britton & Rose, Porfiria Boed., Pseudomammillaria Buxb., Solisia Britton & Rose

• Mammilloydia Buxb.
• Neolloydia Britton & Rose

synonyms: Napina Fric (nom. inval.), Pseudosolisia Y.Itô (nom. inval.)

• Obregonia Fric
• Ortegocactus Alexander
• Pediocactus Britton & Rose – hedgehog cactus

synonyms: Navajoa Croizat, Pilocanthus B.W.Benson & Backeb.

• Pelecyphora C.Ehrenb.

synonyms: Encephalocarpus A.Berger

Sclerocactus glaucus

• Sclerocactus Britton & Rose – fishhook cactus

synonyms: Ancistrocactus Britton & Rose, Coloradoa Boissev. & C.Davidson, Glandulicactus Backeb., Toumeya Britton & Rose

• Stenocactus (K.Schum.) A.W.Hill

synonyms: Echinofossulocactus Britton & Rose, Efossus Orcutt (orth. var.)

• Strombocactus Britton & Rose
• Thelocactus (K.Schum.) Britton & Rose

synonyms: Hamatocactus Britton & Rose, Thelomastus Fric (nom. inval.)

• Turbinicarpus (Backeb.) Buxb. & Backeb. – top cactus

synonyms: Gymnocactus Backeb., Normanbokea Kladiwa & Buxb., Rapicactus Buxb. & Oehme

Tribe CalymmantheaeEdit

• Calymmanthium F.Ritter

synonyms: Diploperianthium F.Ritter (nom. inval.)

Tribe CereeaeEdit

• Arrojadoa Britton & Rose

synonyms: Pierrebraunia Esteves

• Brasilicereus Backeb.
• Cereus Mill. – sweet potato cactus

synonyms: Mirabella F.Ritter, Piptanthocereus (A.Berger) Riccob., Subpilocereus Backeb.

• Cipocereus F.Ritter

synonyms: Floribunda F.Ritter

• Coleocephalocereus Backeb.

synonyms: Buiningia Buxb.

Melocactus matanzanus

• Melocactus Link & Otto

synonyms: Cactus Britton & Rose

• Micranthocereus Backeb.

synonyms: Austrocephalocereus Backeb., Siccobaccatus P.J.Braun & Esteves

• Pilosocereus Byles & G. D. Rowley – tree cactus

synonyms: Pilocereus K.Schum., Pseudopilocereus Buxb.

• Praecereus Buxb.
• Stephanocereus A.Berger
• Uebelmannia Buining

Tribe HylocereeaeEdit

• Disocactus Lindl.

synonyms: Aporocactus Lem., Aporocereus Fric & Kreuz. (orth. var.), Bonifazia Standl. & Steyerm., Chiapasia Britton & Rose, Disisocactus Kunze (orth. var.), Disocereus Fric & Kreuz. (orth. var.), Heliocereus (A.Berger) Britton & Rose, Lobeira Alexander, Mediocereus Fric & Kreuz. (orth. var.), Nopalxochia Britton & Rose, Pseudonopalxochia Backeb., Trochilocactus Linding., Wittia K.Schum., Wittiocactus Rauschert

Epiphyllum anguliger

• Epiphyllum Haw. – climbing cactus

synonyms: Phyllocactus Link, Phyllocereus Miq.

• Hylocereus (A.Berger) Britton & Rose – nightblooming cactus

synonyms: Wilmattea Britton & Rose

• Pseudorhipsalis Britton & Rose
• Selenicereus (A.Berger) Britton & Rose – moonlight cactus, nightblooming cereus

synonyms: Cryptocereus Alexander, Deamia Britton & Rose, Marniera Backeb., Mediocactus Britton & Rose, Strophocactus Britton & Rose, Strophocereus Fric & Kreuz. (orth. var.)

• Weberocereus Britton & Rose

synonyms: Eccremocactus Britton & Rose, Eccremocereus Fric & Kreuz. (orth. var.), Werckleocereus Britton & Rose

Tribe NotocacteaeEdit

• Austrocactus Britton & Rose
• Blossfeldia Werderm.
• Cintia Knize & Ríha
• Copiapoa Britton & Rose

synonyms: Pilocopiapoa F.Ritter

Eriosyce esmeraldana

• Eriosyce Phil.

synonyms: Ceratistes Labour. (nom. inval.), Chileniopsis Backeb., Chileocactus Fric (nom. inval.), Chileorebutia Fric (nom. inval.), Chiliorebutia Fric (orth. var.), Delaetia Backeb., Dracocactus Y.Itô (nom. inval.), Euporteria Kreuz. & Buining, Hildmannia Kreuz. & Buining, Horridocactus Backeb., Islaya Backeb., Neochilenia Backeb. ex Dölz, Neoporteria Britton & Rose, Neoporteria Backeb., Neotanahashia Y.Itô, Nichelia Bullock (nom. inval.), Pyrrhocactus (A.Berger) A.W.Hill, Rodentiophila F.Ritter ex Backeb., Thelocephala Y.Itô

• Eulychnia Phil.

synonyms: Philippicereus Backeb.

• Frailea Britton & Rose
• Neowerdermannia Fric
• Parodia Speg.

synonyms: Acanthocephala Backeb., Brasilicactus Backeb., Brasiliparodia F.Ritter, Brasilocactus Fric (nom. inval.), Chrysocactus Y.Itô (nom. inval.), Dactylanthocactus Y.Itô, Eriocactus Backeb., Eriocephala Backeb., Friesia Fric (nom. inval.), Hickenia Britton & Rose, Malacocarpus Salm-Dyck, Microspermia Fric, Neohickenia Fric, Notocactus (K.Schum.) Fric, Sericocactus Y.Itô, Wigginsia D.M.Porter

• Yavia R.Kiesling & Piltz ^[13]

Tribe PachycereeaeEdit

• Acanthocereus (Engelm. ex A.Berger) Britton & Rose – triangle cactus

synonyms: Dendrocereus Britton & Rose, Monvillea Britton & Rose

• Bergerocactus Britton & Rose – snake cactus

synonyms: Bergerocereus Fric & Kreuz. (orth. var.)

Carnegiea gigantea

• Carnegiea Britton & Rose – saguaro
• Cephalocereus Pfeiff. – old man cactus

synonyms: Haseltonia Backeb., Neodawsonia Backeb., Pilocereus Lem.

• Corryocactus Britton & Rose

synonym: Corryocereus Fric & Kreuz. (orth. var.), Erdisia Britton & Rose, Eulychnocactus Backeb. (nom. inval.)

• Dendrocereus Britton & Rose – see Acanthocereus
• Echinocereus Engelm. – hedgehog cactus

synonyms: Morangaya G.D.Rowley, Wilcoxia Britton & Rose

• Escontria Rose
• Isolatocereus Backeb. – see Stenocereus
• Leptocereus (A.Berger) Britton & Rose

synonyms: Neoabbottia Britton & Rose

• ×Myrtgerocactus Moran

[= Myrtillocactus × Bergerocactus]

• Myrtillocactus Console

synonyms: Myrtillocereus Fric & Kreuz. (orth. var.)

Pachycereus pringlei

• Neobuxbaumia Backeb.

synonyms: Pseudomitrocereus Bravo & Buxb., Rooksbya Backeb.

• ×Pacherocactus G.D.Rowley

[= Pachycereus × Bergerocactus]

• Pachycereus (A.Berger) Britton & Rose

synonyms: Backebergia Bravo, Lemaireocereus Britton & Rose, Lophocereus (A.Berger) Britton & Rose, Marginatocereus (Backeb.) Backeb., Mitrocereus (Backeb.) Backeb., Pterocereus T.MacDoug. & Miranda

• Peniocereus (A.Berger) Britton & Rose

synonyms: Cullmannia Distefano, Neoevansia W.T.Marshall, Nyctocereus (A.Berger) Britton & Rose

• Polaskia Backeb.

synonyms: Chichipia Backeb. (nom. inval.), Heliabravoa Backeb.

• Pseudoacanthocereus F.Ritter
• Stenocereus (A.Berger) Riccob.

synonyms: Hertrichocereus Backeb., Isolatocereus Backeb., Isolatocereus (Backeb.) Backeb., Machaerocereus Britton & Rose, Marshallocereus Backeb., Neolemaireocereus Backeb., Rathbunia Britton & Rose, Ritterocereus Backeb.

Tribe RhipsalideaeEdit

Hatiora salicornioides

• Hatiora Britton & Rose

synonyms: Epiphyllopsis Backeb. & F.M.Knuth, Hariota DC., Pseudozygocactus Backeb., Rhipsalidopsis Britton & Rose

• Lepismium Pfeiff.

synonyms: Acanthorhipsalis (K.Schum.) Britton & Rose, Acanthorhipsalis Kimnach, Pfeiffera Salm-Dyck

• Rhipsalis Gaertn.

synonyms: Cassytha Mill., Erythrorhipsalis A.Berger, Hariota Adans., Lymanbensonia Kimnach

• Schlumbergera Lem. – Christmas cactus, Easter cactus

synonyms: Epiphyllanthus A.Berger, Epiphyllum Pfeiff., Opuntiopsis Knebel (nom. inval.), Zygocactus K.Schum., Zygocereus Fric & Kreuz. (orth. var.)

Tribe TrichocereeaeEdit

• Acanthocalycium Backeb.

synonyms: Spinicalycium Fric (nom. inval.)

• Arthrocereus A.Berger
• Brachycereus Britton & Rose

Cleistocactus

• Cleistocactus Lem.

synonyms: Akersia Buining, Bolivicereus Cárdenas, Borzicactella H.Johnson ex F.Ritter, Borzicactus Riccob, Borzicereus Fric & Kreuz. (orth. var.), Cephalocleistocactus F.Ritter, Cleistocereus Fric & Kreuz. (orth. var.), Clistanthocereus Backeb., Demnosa Fric, Gymnanthocereus Backeb., Hildewintera F.Ritter, Loxanthocereus Backeb., Maritimocereus Akers, Pseudoechinocereus Buining (nom. inval.), Seticereus Backeb., Seticleistocactus Backeb., Winteria F.Ritter, Winterocereus Backeb.

• Cephalocleistocactus F.Ritter – see Cleistocactus
• Denmoza Britton & Rose
• Discocactus Pfeiff.
• Echinopsis Zucc. – San Pedro cactus

synonyms: Acantholobivia Backeb., Acanthopetalus Y.Itô, Andenea Fric (nom. inval.), Aureilobivia Fric, nom. inval., Chamaecereus Britton & Rose, Chamaelobivia Y. Itô (nom. inval.), Cinnabarinea Fric ex F.Ritter, Echinolobivia Y.Itô (nom. inval.), Echinonyctanthus Lem., Furiolobivia Y.Itô (nom. inval.), Helianthocereus Backeb, Heterolobivia Y.Itô (nom. inval.), Hymenorebulobivia Fric (nom. inval.), Hymenorebutia Fric ex Buining, Leucostele Backeb., Lobirebutia Fric (nom. inval.), Lobivia Britton & Rose, Lobiviopsis Fric (nom. inval.), Megalobivia Y.Itô (nom. inval.), Mesechinopsis Y.Itô, Neolobivia Y.Itô, Pilopsis Y.Itô (nom. inval.), Pseudolobivia (Backeb.) Backeb., Rebulobivia Fric (nom. inval.), Salpingolobivia Y.Itô, Scoparebutia Fric & Kreuz. ex Buining, Setiechinopsis (Backeb.) de Haas, Soehrensia Backeb., Trichocereus (A.Berger) Riccob.

• Espostoa Britton & Rose

synonyms: Binghamia Britton & Rose, Pseudoespostoa Backeb., Thrixanthocereus Backeb., Vatricania Backeb.

• Espostoopsis Buxb.

synonyms: Gerocephalus F.Ritter

• Facheiroa Britton & Rose

synonyms: Zehntnerella Britton & Rose

Gymnocalycium moserianum

• Gymnocalycium Pfeiff. ex Mittler – chin cactus

synonyms: Brachycalycium Backeb.

• Haageocereus Backeb.

synonyms: Floresia Krainz & F.Ritter ex Backeb. (nom. inval.), Haageocactus Backeb. (nom. inval.), Lasiocereus F.Ritter, Neobinghamia Backeb., Peruvocereus Akers

• ×Haagespostoa G.D.Rowley

[= Haageocereus × Espostoa]

• Harrisia Britton – apple cactus

synonyms: Eriocereus (A.Berger) Riccob., Roseocereus Backeb.

• Lasiocereus F.Ritter – see Haageocereus
• Leocereus Britton & Rose
• Matucana Britton & Rose

synonyms: Eomatucana F.Ritter

• Mila Britton & Rose
• Oreocereus (A.Berger) Riccob.

synonyms: Arequipa Britton & Rose, Arequipiopsis Kreuz. & Buining, Morawetzia Backeb., Submatucana Backeb.

• Oroya Britton & Rose
• Pygmaeocereus H.Johnson & Backeb.
• Rauhocereus Backeb.

Rebutia flavistyla

• Rebutia K.Schum.

synonyms: Aylostera Speg., Bridgesia Backeb., Cylindrorebutia Fric & Kreuz., Digitorebutia Fric & Kreuz., Echinorebutia Fric (nom. inval.), Eurebutia Fric (nom. inval.), Gymnantha Y.Itô, Mediolobivia Backeb., Mediorebutia Fric (nom. inval.), Neogymnantha Y.Itô, Reicheocactus Backeb., Setirebutia Fric & Kreuz. (nom. inval.), Spegazzinia Backeb., Sulcorebutia Backeb., Weingartia Werderm.

• Samaipaticereus Cárdenas
• Weberbauerocereus Backeb.

synonyms: Meyenia Backeb.

• Yungasocereus F.Ritter

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